COURSE CONTENT
1. SEISMIC REFLECTION BASIC PRINCIPLES, ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE
- Interference between reflections.
- Vertical resolution.
- Horizontal resolution.
- Effect of depth.
- Seismic expression of hydrocarbons.
- Reservoir identification.
- Characteristics of reservoir reflections, reservoir limits, zero phaseness and tuning phenomenon.
- Examples.
- Jeopardy exercise on unit 1.
2. DISPLAY OF SEISMIC DATA, COLOR, DOUBLE AND SINGLE GRADATIONAL SCHEMES, NATURAL PAIRING, PHASE CIRCLES
- Examples.
- Jeopardy exercise on unit 2.
3. THIN-BED ANALYSIS
- Resolution limit, Widess and Rayleigh criterion.
- Thin-bed cautions.
- Thin-bed reflectivity inversion.
- Examples.
- Jeopardy exercise on unit 3.
4. STRUCTURAL INTERPRETATION: 2D AND 3D, REFLECTION CORRELATION, AUTOTRACKING
- Time and horizon slices.
- Use of attributes (horizon and volume computation).
- Preparation of maps (time maps, isochrones and structure maps).
- Visualization.
- Examples.
- Jeopardy exercise on unit 4.
5. STRATIGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION: SEISMIC CALIBRATION WITH WELL DATA, MIS-TIES, VERTICAL SEISMIC PROFILES AND THEIR USES, RECOGNIZING INDIVIDUAL REFLECTIONS, AMPLITUDE, POLARITY AND CONTINUITY, REFLECTION SPACING OR FREQUENCY, STUDYING LITHOLOGY CHANGE AND REFLECTIONS
- Seismic stratigraphy, recognition of reflections (onlap, downlap, toplap, truncations and erosion)
- Sequence and seismic facies analysis
- Evaluation of geological and reservoir parameters, contouring stratigraphic objects.
- Examples
- Jeopardy exercise on unit 5.
6. USE OF SEISMIC ATTRIBUTES (LITHOLOGY (AVO, INVERSION) AND DISCONTINUITY (COHERENCE, CURVATURE)) FOR ACHIEVING STRUCTURAL/STRATIGRAPHIC OBJECTIVES; PORE PRESSURE PREDICTION
- Examples.
- Jeopardy exercise on unit 6.
- Practical demonstration on real data.
- Examples.
7. SEISMIC INVERSION: POST-STACK
- Inversion techniques, bandlimited, model-based and sparse-spike.
- Benefits of seismic inversion.
- Relative acoustic impedance inversion.
- Coloured inversion.
- Comparison between coloured and sparse spike inversion.
- Geostatistical inversion.
- Limitations of inversión.
- Jeopardy exercise on unit 7.
8. PRE-STACK SEISMIC INVERSION
- Methods (local and global optimization methods)
- Simultaneous inversion.
- Hybrid inversion.
- Elastic impedance inversion.
- Full waveform inversion.
- Jeopardy exercise on unit 8.
9. PORE PRESSURE PREDICTION
- Examples.
- Jeopardy exercise on unit 9.
10. DIRECT HYDROCARBON DETECTION; REFLECTION CHARACTER ANALYSIS AND AVO; HYDROCARBON INDICATORS
- Limitations
- Rock properties from seismic data
- Examples
- Jeopardy exercise on unit 10.
11. AVO ANALYSIS AVO THEORY, AVO ANALYSIS, AVO PITFALLS, INTERPRETATION AND CASE STUDIES
- Zoeppritz equations and their approximations (Bortfeld, Aki and Richards, Shuey’s, Hilterman’s, Smith and Gidlow’s, Fatti’s)
- Factors affecting seismic amplitudes and processing for AVO
- AVO interpretation
- Modeling
- AVO techniques (Ostrander gathers, angle gathers, supergathers; angle-range limited stacks, offset-range limited stacks; attribute stacks)
- AVO combination indicators
- Classification of AVO responses
- Cross-plotting
- Noise and AVO
- AVO and visualization
- AVO polarization attributes
- Lambda-Mu-Rho analysis
- AVO and neural networks
- AVO and anisotropy
- Jeopardy exercise on unit 11.
12. PITFALLS IN SEISMIC INTERPRETATION; VELOCITY, GEOMETRY AND PROCESSING RELATED ARTIFACTS
- Examples.
- Jeopardy exercise on unit 12.